I know the following notes are always kind of annoying and seem unnecessary. Unfortunately, many people who knew "better" have lost eyes, fingers or other things due to carelessness or injured themselves. Data loss is almost negligible in comparison, but even these can be really annoying. Therefore, please take five minutes to read the safety instructions. Because even the coolest project is not worth injury or other trouble.<\/span> The links to online shops listed here are so-called affiliate links. If you click on such an affiliate link and make a purchase via this link, Nerdiy.de will receive a commission from the relevant online shop or provider. The price does not change for you. If you make your purchases via these links, you support Nerdiy.de in being able to offer other useful projects in the future. \ud83d\ude42\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n Helpful articles: How to do that and how to configure a working RaspberryPI in general is described in the following articles: Required tool: Required material:<\/strong><\/p>\n In the following list you will find all the parts you need to implement this article.<\/strong><\/p>\n The console under Linux is two things. On the one hand you can navigate with it through the folder structure of the RasPi's and so change the respective directory in which you are currently \"located\". On the other hand, the console is also a command prompt. In it, commands can be entered and executed. Thereby the form of the entered commands is almost always the same.<\/p>\n Usually it is: This means that a command always consists of the command name, any parameters and, if necessary, path information.<\/p>\n Parameters are different letters that influence the behavior of the command. These are different for each command. A complete parameter list and general help can be displayed for each command by specifying the command name and the parameter -help.<\/p>\n (Note that you have to put two hyphens in front of the \"help\")<\/p>\n For example, show you all possible parameters and also a few examples of the \"cp\" command.<\/p>\n So if you ever forget how a command works or forget a parameter, you have built-in documentation at your fingertips.<\/p>\n Arrow key up\/down<\/p>\n By pressing the up arrow key you can view your last entered command.<\/p>\n If you want to execute a selected one again, just press the Enter key.<\/p>\n If you want to edit it before, you can navigate through the command using the left and right arrow keys.<\/p>\n This command clears the current console session and displays a \"fresh\" prompt.<\/p>\n The tab key can be used to automatically complete path specifications.<\/p>\n For example, if you just want to change from the current folder to the next folder with the name \"nextFolderWithAReallyLongName\", it is enough to type the following command:<\/p>\n and then press the tab key.<\/p>\n Linux then automatically completes \"next\" to \"nextFolderWithAnExtremelyLongName\".<\/p>\n If the folder \"naechsterOrdnerMitEinemFuerchterlichLangemNamen\" is joined by a similar sounding folder (e.g. \"naechsterOrdnerMitKurzemNamen\") in the current directory, the folder name will only be completed as far as the two folder names differ. In this case only up to \"nextFolderWith\". If you then enter a letter of the desired folder, the completion can be executed again.<\/p>\n For example, if you enter \"nextFolderWithE\" and then press the Tab key, Linux already knows that the folder \"nextFolderWithAFextremelyLongName\" must be meant and completes the name accordingly.<\/p>\n So you save a lot of frimeliger typing work. This path completion works in every command.<\/p>\n The key combination CTRL+C can be used to terminate currently running processes.<\/p>\n This command shows you the current absolute (i.e. complete, starting from the root directory) path to the directory you are currently in.<\/p>\n This command shows you the folder structure in the current directory.<\/p>\n As the name (tree) suggests, the current folder structure is displayed starting from the working directory. That is, the subfolders in folders are displayed like the branches of a tree starting from the root. This is easiest to understand by just trying it out \ud83d\ude42 .<\/p>\n This command shows you the complete content of the current directory (including hidden files). For most cases a simple command is sufficient:<\/p>\n This command creates a new folder in the current directory with the specified name (in this case \"newfolder\").<\/p>\n This command deletes the specified folder (in this case \"newfolder\") and all files contained in it without asking or warning again.<\/p>\n This command deletes the specified file (in this case the file to be deleted) in the current directory.<\/p>\n This command changes the directory to the specified directory.<\/p>\n Use this command to move to the next higher folder level.<\/p>\n This can also be linked. For example, if you want to go one folder level up from the current folder and go directly to another folder, you can do this with the following command:<\/p>\n With the following command you can go directly to your home directory:<\/p>\n This command copies the file \"Filename\" to \"Destination\". This way you can also rename files directly.<\/p>\n leads for example to the fact that the \"coolTexttdatei.txt\" is copied again into the current folder. But the copy is then called \"nochCoolereTextdatei.txt\".<\/p>\n Path specifications can of course also be built into the copy operations.<\/p>\n For example, the following command copies the file \"cooleTexttdatei.txt\" into the subfolder \"coolerUnterfolder\".<\/p>\n This command is actually a file move (mv=move). However, since you can also specify a new name for a file move, this command is also perfect for renaming files.<\/p>\n This command allows to download files to the current directory.<\/p>\n You just have to enter the link to the file you want to download after \"wget\".<\/p>\n This command unpacks the password protected file \"zipFile.zip\" with the password \"PASSWORD\" into the current directory. If you want to know what zip files are, I have described this in this article:<\/p>\n This command unpacks the password protected file \"rarFile.zip\" with the password \"PASSWORD\" into the current directory. If you want to know what rar files are, I have described this in this article:<\/p>\n This command unpacks the file \"zipFile.zip\" into the directory specified with ZIELORDNER.<\/p>\n This command not only deletes files, it also overwrites the memory area of the deleted file. As a result, the files deleted in this way cannot be recovered even by forensic means. The command works with the Gutmann method.<\/p>\n These are actually two commands linked by the \"&&\".<\/p>\n The \"&&\" in this case means that the first command is executed first and then the second command.<\/p>\n ...updates the package list of the \"Advanced Packaging Tool\"(apt). This tool manages different software packages. So by updating the package list, the current table of contents of the available software packages is downloaded.<\/p>\n ...compares the packages already installed on your system with the packages available according to the table of contents. If one of the available packages is newer than the package installed on your system, it automatically installs the new version of the respective package.<\/p>\n This command uses the Advanced Packaging Tool to install the package specified by \"PACKETNAME\" and any other packages needed to run that package.<\/p>\n This command is also a part of the \"Advanced Packaging Tool\" and can be executed with and without package name. Without package name, i.e. \"sudo apt-get autoremove\", this command uninstalls all packages that are no longer used because they were only installed as a prerequisite for another package that is no longer present. This command updates the kernel and important system files of the RasPi. According to the motto \"Never touch a running system\" this should only be done when important security updates are available or something is not running as it should.<\/p>\n This command shuts down the RasPi safely and restarts it directly. This is perfect to test if installed software starts automatically after a reboot.<\/p>\n or the abbreviation<\/p>\n After executing the shutdown command, you should wait a few seconds. Just as with Windows systems, it takes a moment for the system to terminate all programs\/processes. This also terminates any write processes.<\/p>\n This is also the reason why you should always shut down the RasPi properly. If the RasPi saves a file to a memory and is then disconnected from the power, the saving process is interrupted. This then leads to the fact that possible only partially written files can no longer be read.<\/p>\n If this file happens to be an important file for the system, it can happen that the RasPi does not start correctly the next time.<\/p>\n If the RasPi is completely shut down you can see that the green LED is no longer blinking and only the red LED is on.<\/p>\n If you still pull the plug without shutting down the RasPi first, you don't have to burst into tears right away: Most of the time it works fine, but only most of the time \ud83d\ude42 .<\/p>\n This command can be placed in front of any command and causes this command to be executed as if the superUser \"root\" would execute it. For example, as a normal user, you can execute commands that would access files that you do not have access to as a normal user.<\/p>\n To be able to use sudo, you must be authorized to do so. This is defined in the file \/etc\/sudoers.<\/p>\n This command terminates the connection to the RasPi and closes the console.<\/p>\n This command gives you the current temperature of the CPU.<\/p>\n This command gives you the current temperature of the GPU.<\/p>\n This command shows you information about your network connection. You can also check which IP address your Rasp Pi has.<\/p>\n This command shows you all currently open ports and network connections as well as various information about them<\/p>\n This command allows you to change the password of the user specified as \"userName\". It can also be used to set various change and lock intervals.<\/p>\n This command shows you how much space is still available on your disks.<\/p>\n This command will show you all currently installed USB devices.<\/p>\n This command will show you all currently installed partitions.<\/p>\n With this command you can display detailed information about your partitions.<\/p>\n The file system of the RasPI is normally only checked after every 30th reboot. With this command you force an immediate check and (if necessary) repair of the file system.<\/p>\n This command shows you the ID's of any USB serial adapters. So you can access serial ports directly via the ID of the USB device instead of e.g. \/dev\/ttyUSB0.<\/p>\n This has the advantage that the access via the ID is always unique and the ID does not change even after a reboot of the RasPi. If you only access a USB-serial adapter via \/dev\/ttyUSB0, it can happen that it is no longer accessible under \/dev\/ttyUSB0 but maybe under \/dev\/ttyUSB1 after a reboot.<\/p>\n To avoid this problem it is recommended to address the serial interface via the ID of the USB-serial adapter.<\/p>\n This command shows you all possible serial ports of the system.<\/p>\n The \"ping\" command can be used to check the presence of other network users.<\/p>\n This can be a computer in the local network but also on the Internet.<\/p>\n Replace \"networkAddress\" with the IP address or domain name of the computer whose presence you want to check.<\/p>\n The command \"ps\" shows you all currently running processes including the ID and some other information like load, etc.<\/p>\n This command terminates the process with the process ID \"processID\".<\/p>\n This command shows you the current load of the CPU.<\/p>\n With \"uptime\" you can see the amount of time that has passed since the RasPI was started.<\/p>\n This command shows you the name of the currently logged in user.<\/p>\n This command displays the location of the program specified as prameter (in this case) \"ls\".<\/p>\n Under Linux, the folder structure is somewhat different than in Windows, but still logical. If you break down the abbreviations, the rest is almost self-explanatory.<\/p>\n \"bin\"=binaries<\/strong><\/em>: Executable files so programs<\/p>\n \"sbin\"=system binaries:<\/strong><\/em> Executable system files i.e. system programs<\/p>\n However, these two folders contain only files important for the pure system.<\/p>\n Programs installed by the user are displayed in \"\/usr\/bin\"<\/strong><\/em> and \"\/usr\/sbin\"<\/strong><\/em>.<\/p>\n The files in these folders may also be executed by normal users.<\/p>\n The in \"am\"<\/strong> <\/em>and \"sbin\"<\/strong><\/em> on the other hand, mostly only by users with administrator rights.<\/p>\n \"boot\"<\/strong><\/em>: contains important files for the boot process.<\/p>\n \"dev\"=devices:<\/strong><\/em> This folder contains all device files. Various hardware interfaces can be addressed via these. For example USB and serial interfaces.<\/p>\n \"lib\"=libraries:<\/strong><\/em> Contains important libraries that are necessary for some programs.<\/p>\n \"lost+found:<\/strong><\/em> If files or file fragments are found during the repair of a data medium, they are moved or saved in this folder.<\/p>\n \"mnt\"=mount:<\/strong><\/em> Contains all temporarily mounted volumes such as USB sticks.<\/p>\n \"opt\"=optional:<\/strong><\/em> Contains all manually installed programs that require their own libraries.<\/p>\n \"proc\"=processes:<\/strong><\/em> Contains interfaces to the loaded kernel and its procedures.<\/p>\n \"root\"=root:<\/strong><\/em> This is the user directory of the super user root. It is the only user directory that is not in the home directory.<\/p>\n \"home\"<\/strong><\/em>This is the default user folder in which each user is automatically provided with a subfolder. User files can then be stored in this folder. In the respective own user folder each user may create files or folders as desired.<\/p>\n \"etc\"=et cetera:<\/strong><\/em> Default location for system-wide configuration files.<\/p>\n
https:\/\/www.nerdiy.de\/sicherheitshinweise\/<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\r\nAffiliate links\/advertising links<\/h2>\r\n
\nRequirements<\/h2>\n
\n<\/strong>To learn how to find your way in the Linux world, it's best to get right into it. \"Learning by doing\" so to say. Don't be afraid to break something. The worst that could happen is that you have to reinstall Raspian.<\/p>\n
\nRaspberryPi - Setup for <\/strong>Nerdiys<\/strong><\/a>
\nRaspberryPI - The First Configuration
\n<\/a>RaspberryPi \u2013 Control the RaspberryPi via SSH<\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>-no-<\/p>\n\n
\nCommands in the console<\/h1>\n
\nI (and maybe others) call this directory the working directory, because it is always the directory that is accessed by the currently executed commands.
\nFor example, if you create a folder, it will be created in the current working directory.
\nPaths are also specified either starting from the working directory (relative) or absolutely from the root directory (i.e. the highest folder level).<\/p>\n
\nFinally, it is also the commands that allow you to navigate through the folder structure.<\/p>\n
\nCOMMAND NAME -PARAMATER PATH DETAILS<\/strong><\/p>\ncp --help<\/pre>\n
\nWorking in the console<\/h1>\n
Last entered command Display<\/h2>\n
Clear terminal output<\/h2>\n
clear<\/pre>\n
Complete path entries<\/h2>\n
cp next<\/pre>\n
End execution of commands<\/h2>\n
\nFile and folder operations<\/h1>\n
Show current path<\/h2>\n
pwd<\/pre>\n
Show directory tree<\/h2>\n
tree<\/pre>\n
List folder contents<\/h2>\n
ls -la<\/pre>\n
ls<\/pre>\n
Create folder<\/h2>\n
mkdir newfolder<\/pre>\n
Delete folder(including content)<\/h2>\n
rm -R newfolder<\/pre>\n
Delete file<\/h2>\n
rm file to be deleted<\/pre>\n
Change folder<\/h2>\n
cd \/home\/pi<\/pre>\n
cd ...<\/pre>\n
cd ..\/newFolderInNextHoereFolder<\/pre>\n
CD ~<\/pre>\n
Copy files<\/h2>\n
cp \"filename\" \"destination<\/pre>\n
cp coolTextfile.txt norCoolerTextfile.txt<\/pre>\n
cp coolTextfile.txt coolersubfolder\/cooleTextfile.txt<\/pre>\n
Move multiple files or one file to another folder<\/h2>\n
mv -t destination folder file1 file2 file3<\/pre>\n
Rename file<\/h2>\n
mv currentfilename desiredfilename<\/pre>\n
Download file<\/h2>\n
wget internetAddress<\/pre>\n
Unzip file with password<\/h2>\n
unzip -P PASSWORD 'zipFile.zip'<\/pre>\n
Unzip rar file with password<\/h2>\n
unrar e -p PASSWORD 'rarFile.rar'<\/pre>\n
Unzip file to destination folder<\/h2>\n
unzip zipFile.zip -d TARGETORDERS<\/pre>\n
Pack folder into zip file<\/h2>\n
zip -r filename.zip ORDNERNAME\/<\/pre>\n
Secure data deletion<\/h2>\n
shred -fuz forFileAlwaysToOpen<\/pre>\n
\nInstalling\/Working with Packages<\/h1>\n
Update program packages<\/h2>\n
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade<\/pre>\n
sudo apt-get update<\/pre>\n
sudo apt-get upgrade<\/pre>\n
Install programs\/packages<\/h2>\n
sudo apt-get install PACKETNAME<\/pre>\n
Delete unnecessary programs\/packages<\/h2>\n
sudo apt-get autoremove PACKETNAME<\/pre>\n
\nUsing package name, for example, \"sudo apt-get autoremove IRGENDEINPAKETNAME\" will uninstall the specified package and any prerequisites installed during the installation of that package.<\/p>\n
\nRaspberryPi specific commands<\/h1>\n
Update firmware and kernel of the RasPi<\/h2>\n
sudo rpi update<\/pre>\n
Restart RasPi<\/h2>\n
sudo reboot<\/pre>\n
Shut down RasPi safely and immediately<\/h2>\n
sudo shutdown -h -P now<\/pre>\n
sudo power off<\/pre>\n
Run commands as root<\/h2>\n
sudo = Super User Do<\/pre>\n
Log out from the console<\/h2>\n
Logout<\/pre>\n
RasPi CPU temperature display<\/h2>\n
echo $((`cat \/sys\/class\/thermal\/thermal_zone0\/temp`\/1000))<\/pre>\n
RasPi GPU temperature display<\/h2>\n
\/opt\/vc\/bin\/vcgencmd measure_temp|cut -c6-9<\/pre>\n
\nNetwork<\/h1>\n
Display IP address or network configuration<\/h2>\n
ifconfig<\/pre>\n
List open ports and existing network connections<\/h2>\n
netstat --tcp --listening --programs --numeric<\/pre>\n
\nOther<\/h1>\n
Change password of a user<\/h2>\n
passwd userName<\/pre>\n
Show free space<\/h2>\n
df -h<\/pre>\n
List all installed USB devices<\/h2>\n
lsusb<\/pre>\n
Show all partitions<\/h2>\n
sudo blkid<\/pre>\n
Show detailed information<\/h2>\n
sudo fdisk -l<\/pre>\n
Force file system check<\/h2>\n
sudo shutdown -rF now<\/pre>\n
Show Serialby ID<\/h2>\n
ls -l \/dev\/serial\/by-id<\/pre>\n
Show all serial interfaces<\/h2>\n
ls \/dev\/tty* or dmesg | grep tty<\/pre>\n
Check other computers for presence on the network<\/h2>\n
ping network address<\/pre>\n
Show running processes<\/h2>\n
ps<\/pre>\n
Termination of a process identified by the process ID<\/h2>\n
kill processId<\/pre>\n
Output of the processor load<\/h2>\n
Top<\/pre>\n
Specification of the runtime and utilization of the computer<\/h2>\n
up time<\/pre>\n
Show current user<\/h2>\n
wer bin ich<\/pre>\n
Show location of a program<\/h2>\n
which ls<\/pre>\n
\nFolder structure - Which folder contains which files?<\/h1>\n
\nExamples and explanations<\/h2>\n
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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"